{
 "generated": "2026-07-07",
 "rubric": "SCORING-RUBRIC-v2.md",
 "version": "v2-expanded",
 "cap": 87,
 "weights": {
  "return": 0.8,
  "legal": 0.08,
  "speed": 0.05,
  "judicial": 0.03,
  "coop": 0.02,
  "treaty": 0.02
 },
 "countries": [
  {
   "iso": "NZ",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "overall": 72.7,
   "tier": 1,
   "tierLabel": "Strong performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 75.5,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 68,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.35,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured court-order (×0.9) rate 70% → 75.5.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S2 · U.S.: timely → 68.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Return a child to or from Aotearoa New Zealand",
     "url": "https://www.justice.govt.nz/family/care-of-children/stop-or-return-a-child/return-a-child-to-or-from-aotearoa-new-zealand/"
    },
    {
     "title": "Official international abduction figures don't tell whole story",
     "url": "https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/573914/"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 1
  },
  {
   "iso": "BE",
   "country": "Belgium",
   "overall": 68.5,
   "tier": 1,
   "tierLabel": "Strong performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 67.7,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.75,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 78% of 27 concluded (shrunk to 62% toward the 39% global prior) → 67.7.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Tribunaux / Autorités administratives : Six tribunaux en tribunaux ou  (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Statistiques 2023 — Enlèvement international d'enfants",
     "url": "https://justice.belgium.be/fr/themes/enfants_et_jeunes/enlevement_international_denfants/statistiques/2023"
    },
    {
     "title": "Presque 50% des enfants sont de retour à la maison avec le soutien du SPF Justice",
     "url": "https://justice.belgium.be/fr/nouvelles/persberichten_16"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 2
  },
  {
   "iso": "JP",
   "country": "Japan",
   "overall": 66.5,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 63.6,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 68,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.7,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 60% of 180 concluded (shrunk to 58% toward the 39% global prior) → 63.6.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 2 designated courts (Tokyo, Osaka) (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: timely → 68.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Implementation of the Hague Convention — statistics",
     "url": "https://www.mofa.go.jp/ca/ha/page25e_000175.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Implementation Status of the 1980 Hague Convention (PDF)",
     "url": "https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100643807.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Measuring Success: Japan's Implementation of the Hague Child Abduction Convention (Singleton 2025)",
     "url": "https://sites.temple.edu/ticlj/files/2025/05/Singleton-Measuring-Success-Japans-Implementation-of-the-Hague-Child-Abduction-Convention.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 3
  },
  {
   "iso": "DO",
   "country": "Dominican Republic",
   "overall": 66.4,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 64.2,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 68,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 91% of 11 concluded (shrunk to 59% toward the 39% global prior) → 64.2.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — J4 Tribunales (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: timely → 68.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 4
  },
  {
   "iso": "AU",
   "country": "Australia",
   "overall": 64.4,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 62.1,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 64% of 44 concluded (shrunk to 56% toward the 39% global prior) → 62.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Federal Circuit & Family Court of Australia (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (3 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "International parental child abduction",
     "url": "https://www.ag.gov.au/families-and-marriage/international-family-law-and-children/international-parental-child-abduction"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 5
  },
  {
   "iso": "DE",
   "country": "Germany",
   "overall": 64.4,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 61.9,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.6,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 60% of 78 concluded (shrunk to 56% toward the 39% global prior) → 61.9.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 22 designated first-instance family courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Statistische Übersicht ... HKÜ 2024 (PDF)",
     "url": "https://www.bundesjustizamt.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/HKUE/Statistik_2024.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Neue Zahlen 2024 zu grenzüberschreitenden Kindesentführungen",
     "url": "https://www.bundesjustizamt.de/DE/ServiceGSB/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2025/20250416.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 6
  },
  {
   "iso": "GB",
   "country": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland",
   "overall": 63.7,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 61.6,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 57% of 289 concluded (shrunk to 56% toward the 39% global prior) → 61.6.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — High Court, Family Division (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (9 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "International parental child abduction in England and Wales (CBP-7726)",
     "url": "https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7726/CBP-7726.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Children's participation in Hague child abduction proceedings (E&W)",
     "url": "https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-08/Children's%20participation%20in%20Hague%20child%20abduction%20proceedings%20heard%20in%20England%20and%20Wales%20-%20A%20Report%20by%20Allison%20Wolfreys%20(%20Final).pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 7
  },
  {
   "iso": "UY",
   "country": "Uruguay",
   "overall": 61.9,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 62.3,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 83% of 12 concluded (shrunk to 57% toward the 39% global prior) → 62.3.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 8
  },
  {
   "iso": "CR",
   "country": "Costa Rica",
   "overall": 61.5,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 60.2,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.6,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 73% of 15 concluded (shrunk to 55% toward the 39% global prior) → 60.2.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — One authority (PANI) + specialised courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "PANI atendió 310 NNA por sustracción internacional en los últimos seis años (+2025 outcome breakdown)",
     "url": "https://pani.go.cr/pani-atendio-310-ninos-ninas-y-adolescentes-por-sustraccion-internacional-en-los-ultimos-seis-anos/"
    },
    {
     "title": "Sustracción Internacional de Personas Menores de Edad — PANI",
     "url": "https://pani.go.cr/sustraccion-internacional-de-personas-menores-de-edad/"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 9
  },
  {
   "iso": "HU",
   "country": "Hungary",
   "overall": 61.4,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 58.9,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 71% of 14 concluded (shrunk to 53% toward the 39% global prior) → 58.9.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 1 first instance, 1 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Jogellenes gyermekelvitel — GYIK (Central Authority info)",
     "url": "https://igazsagugyiinformaciok.kormany.hu/download/9/b2/a0000/jogellenes_gyermekelviteli_GYIK.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Murányi F.: ombudsman vizsgálat (2010-2015 statisztika)",
     "url": "https://szakcikkadatbazis.hu/doc/7193832"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 10
  },
  {
   "iso": "PT",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "overall": 60.3,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 57.1,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 63% of 19 concluded (shrunk to 51% toward the 39% global prior) → 57.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Tribunaux / Autorités administratives : de Famille et tribunaux ou d’a (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Rapto internacional de crianças — DGAJ",
     "url": "https://dgaj.justica.gov.pt/Tribunais/Cooperacao-Judiciaria-Internacional/Rapto-internacional-de-criancas-e-direito-de-visitas"
    },
    {
     "title": "Pelo menos 513 crianças raptadas ... últimos dez anos (dados DGAJ)",
     "url": "https://observador.pt/2025/08/29/pelo-menos-513-criancas-foram-raptadas-por-um-dos-pais-e-levada-para-fora-do-pais-nos-ultimos-dez-anos/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 11
  },
  {
   "iso": "AR",
   "country": "Argentina",
   "overall": 59.7,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 57.8,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 86% of 7 concluded (shrunk to 52% toward the 39% global prior) → 57.8.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — En Argentina existe la favor consigne el número concentración de compe (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (3 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Estadísticas — Protección Internacional de los Niños",
     "url": "http://www.menores.gob.ar/estad-sticas"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 12
  },
  {
   "iso": "RO",
   "country": "Romania",
   "overall": 59.4,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 57.5,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 55% of 65 concluded (shrunk to 52% toward the 39% global prior) → 57.5.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 2 courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (4 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 13
  },
  {
   "iso": "DK",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "overall": 59,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 55.8,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 64% of 14 concluded (shrunk to 50% toward the 39% global prior) → 55.8.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 24 Camily courts, 2 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Nøgletal for internationale børnebortførelser til og fra Danmark",
     "url": "https://docplayer.dk/204913667-Noegletal-for-internationale-boernebortfoerelser-til-og-fra-danmark.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Børnebortførelse til konventionslande",
     "url": "https://www.boernebortfoerelse.dk/myndigheder/koordinationsenheden-for-boernebortfoerelser/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 14
  },
  {
   "iso": "US",
   "country": "United States of America",
   "overall": 58.9,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 58.1,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.75,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 53% of 255 concluded (shrunk to 52% toward the 39% global prior) → 58.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); no concentration — Concurrent federal/state jurisdiction — any competent court (ICARA) (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (3 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2024 (PDF)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/NEWIPCAAssets/pdfs/2024%20Annual%20Report%20International%20Child%20Abduction.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Reports on International Child Abduction (index)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 15
  },
  {
   "iso": "MA",
   "country": "Morocco",
   "overall": 58.3,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 59.6,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 88% of 8 concluded (shrunk to 54% toward the 39% global prior) → 59.6.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Convention de La Haye — Maroc (communiqué)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/fr/news-archive/details/?varevent=187"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 16
  },
  {
   "iso": "LV",
   "country": "Latvia",
   "overall": 58,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 54.3,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 60% of 15 concluded (shrunk to 49% toward the 39% global prior) → 54.3.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 1 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 17
  },
  {
   "iso": "TR",
   "country": "Türkiye",
   "overall": 57.8,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 59,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 60% of 42 concluded (shrunk to 53% toward the 39% global prior) → 59.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); no concentration — All family courts (not concentrated) (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Çocuk Kaçırma ve Velayet — UHDIGM",
     "url": "https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/cocuk-kacirma-ve-velayet14022020111627"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 18
  },
  {
   "iso": "TT",
   "country": "Trinidad and Tobago",
   "overall": 57.6,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 58,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 100% of 5 concluded (shrunk to 52% toward the 39% global prior) → 58.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (3 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 19
  },
  {
   "iso": "JM",
   "country": "Jamaica",
   "overall": 57.3,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 55.3,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 91% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 55.3.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — designated courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 20
  },
  {
   "iso": "SV",
   "country": "El Salvador",
   "overall": 57,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 53.3,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 83% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 53.3.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 1 autoridad (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 21
  },
  {
   "iso": "GN",
   "country": "Guinea",
   "overall": 56.8,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 57.5,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 100% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 57.5.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 22
  },
  {
   "iso": "MX",
   "country": "Mexico",
   "overall": 56.7,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 56.3,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 54% of 67 concluded (shrunk to 51% toward the 39% global prior) → 56.3.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); no concentration — Varies by federal state (not concentrated) (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (4 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Sustracción y restitución internacional de menores",
     "url": "https://www.gob.mx/sre/acciones-y-programas/sustraccion-y-restitucion-internacional-de-las-y-los-menores"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 23
  },
  {
   "iso": "IL",
   "country": "Israel",
   "overall": 56.4,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 52.8,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 57% of 14 concluded (shrunk to 47% toward the 39% global prior) → 52.8.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 14 Family Courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "החזרת ילדים חטופים (Central Authority)",
     "url": "https://www.gov.il/he/pages/international-dep-child-abduction"
    },
    {
     "title": "דוח תקופתי בדבר יישום אמנת זכויות הילד/האג",
     "url": "https://fs.knesset.gov.il/23/Committees/23_ci_bg_588422.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 24
  },
  {
   "iso": "BR",
   "country": "Brazil",
   "overall": 56.3,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 53.9,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.55,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 50% of 86 concluded (shrunk to 48% toward the 39% global prior) → 53.9.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 2 (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (7 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "ACAF encerra 2018 com 98 pedidos ... retorno de 15 crianças para o Brasil",
     "url": "https://www.justica.gov.br/news/collective-nitf-content-1547126079.94"
    },
    {
     "title": "ACAF — Subtração Internacional de Crianças",
     "url": "https://www.gov.br/mj/pt-br/assuntos/sua-protecao/cooperacao-internacional/subtracao-internacional/subtracao-internacional"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 25
  },
  {
   "iso": "CZ",
   "country": "Czechia",
   "overall": 56.3,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 55.8,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.55,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 57% of 28 concluded (shrunk to 50% toward the 39% global prior) → 55.8.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Únosy dětí — ÚMPOD",
     "url": "https://www.umpod.cz/unosy-deti/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 26
  },
  {
   "iso": "NO",
   "country": "Norway",
   "overall": 56,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 51.6,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 53% of 17 concluded (shrunk to 46% toward the 39% global prior) → 51.6.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 3 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Statistikk for barnebortføringar 2005-2019",
     "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/familie-og-barn/barnebortforing/nettsider-og-litteratur/statistikk-for-internasjonal-barnebortforing/statistikk-for-barnebortforingar-20052019/id2690840/"
    },
    {
     "title": "Internasjonal barnebortføring — rapport 2014 (PDF)",
     "url": "https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/464167011190443abf39f631d33be3c0/rapport_barnebortfoering_2014.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Oslo tingrett årsmelding 2023 — barnebortføring",
     "url": "https://www.domstol.no/no/domstoler/tingrett/oslo-tingrett/om-oslo-tingrett/rapporter-og-brosjyrer/arsmelding-2023/sivile-saker/barnebortforing/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 27
  },
  {
   "iso": "PY",
   "country": "Paraguay",
   "overall": 55.6,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 51.8,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 53% of 19 concluded (shrunk to 46% toward the 39% global prior) → 51.8.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 17 Courts administrative authorities and judges or relevant Judges/Dec (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 28
  },
  {
   "iso": "FR",
   "country": "France",
   "overall": 55.2,
   "tier": 2,
   "tierLabel": "Good performance",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 50.4,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 46% of 83 concluded (shrunk to 45% toward the 39% global prior) → 50.4.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 35 designated tribunals (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "L'autorité centrale",
     "url": "https://www.justice.gouv.fr/lautorite-centrale"
    },
    {
     "title": "Hausse des enlèvements parentaux à l'étranger (question Sénat)",
     "url": "https://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2025/qSEQ250404369.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 29
  },
  {
   "iso": "ZA",
   "country": "South Africa",
   "overall": 54.7,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 50.8,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 55% of 11 concluded (shrunk to 45% toward the 39% global prior) → 50.8.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — High Courts (superior-court level) (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Hague Convention on International Child Abduction — Central Authority (speech/data)",
     "url": "https://www.justice.gov.za/m_speeches/2019/20190402-HagueConv_dm.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 30
  },
  {
   "iso": "AT",
   "country": "Austria",
   "overall": 54.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 48.9,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 65,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.35,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured court-order (×0.9) rate 42% of 128 concluded (shrunk to 43% toward the 39% global prior) → 48.9.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 16 (+25) → 87.",
    "S1 · published durations → 65.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Statistische Auswertung aller Kindesentführungsverfahren mit Österreichbezug (2011-2016)",
     "url": "https://www3.formularservice.gv.at/PDF/Justiz/Statistische_Auswertung_HKUe_Stand_Jaen_2017.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Parlamentarische Anfragebeantwortung 2381/AB (HKÜ)",
     "url": "https://www.parlament.gv.at/dokument/XXVIII/AB/2381/imfname_1708401.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 31
  },
  {
   "iso": "ES",
   "country": "Spain",
   "overall": 54.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 53.4,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 60,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 49% of 85 concluded (shrunk to 48% toward the 39% global prior) → 53.4.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (0 Hague Network judges) → 60.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Sustracción de menores — Autoridad Central",
     "url": "https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/areas-actuacion/internacional/tramites-internacionales/sustraccion-de-menores"
    },
    {
     "title": "Sube un 73% la sustracción de menores en una década (453 en 2025 vs 262 en 2016)",
     "url": "https://www.infobae.com/espana/2026/04/18/sube-un-73-la-sustraccion-de-menores-en-una-decada/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 32
  },
  {
   "iso": "KR",
   "country": "Republic of Korea",
   "overall": 54,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 51.4,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 68,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 75% of 4 concluded (shrunk to 46% toward the 39% global prior) → 51.4.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — One designated court (Seoul Family Court) (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: timely → 68.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "법무부 (Ministry of Justice) — Hague Central Authority",
     "url": "https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/304/subview.do"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 33
  },
  {
   "iso": "HR",
   "country": "Croatia",
   "overall": 53.7,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 51,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 100% of 2 concluded (shrunk to 45% toward the 39% global prior) → 51.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); no concentration — 76 municipal courts — general (not concentrated) (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prekogranična roditeljska otmica djeteta — Središnje tijelo",
     "url": "https://mrosp.gov.hr/pristup-informacijama-16/vasa-europa/socijalna-politika-12069/primjenjiva-prava-i-pravila-u-slucaju-prekogranicne-roditeljske-otmice-djeteta/12100"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 34
  },
  {
   "iso": "CA",
   "country": "Canada",
   "overall": 53.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 51.6,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 49% of 41 concluded (shrunk to 46% toward the 39% global prior) → 51.6.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (4 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Government's Response — International Child Abduction",
     "url": "https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cp-pm/cr-rc/ica-eie/p1.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 35
  },
  {
   "iso": "IS",
   "country": "Iceland",
   "overall": 53.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 48.9,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 67% of 3 concluded (shrunk to 43% toward the 39% global prior) → 48.9.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 8 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 36
  },
  {
   "iso": "IE",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "overall": 52.6,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 47.5,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.55,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 43% of 35 concluded (shrunk to 42% toward the 39% global prior) → 47.5.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — One court (High Court) (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "International Child Abduction",
     "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/505a0-international-child-abduction/"
    },
    {
     "title": "Report on the Hague Convention (Law Reform Commission)",
     "url": "https://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/reports/rchildabuction.htm"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 37
  },
  {
   "iso": "SG",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "overall": 52.6,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 48.1,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 100% of 1 concluded (shrunk to 42% toward the 39% global prior) → 48.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 2 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (4 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Singapore Central Authority — About",
     "url": "https://www.msf.gov.sg/what-we-do/singapore-central-authority/about"
    },
    {
     "title": "22 cases of children taken out of Singapore 2019-2024",
     "url": "https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/04/21/child-abduction-by-a-parent-22-cases-of-children-taken-out-of-singapore-between-2019-and-2024"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 38
  },
  {
   "iso": "MT",
   "country": "Malta",
   "overall": 52.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 48.1,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 100% of 1 concluded (shrunk to 42% toward the 39% global prior) → 48.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Family Court (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 39
  },
  {
   "iso": "SI",
   "country": "Slovenia",
   "overall": 52.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 48.1,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 100% of 1 concluded (shrunk to 42% toward the 39% global prior) → 48.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 11 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Zakon o ratifikaciji konvencije o civilnopravnih vidikih ... ugrabitve otrok",
     "url": "https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/1993-02-0031?sop=1993-02-0031"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 40
  },
  {
   "iso": "IT",
   "country": "Italy",
   "overall": 51.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 68,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 38% of 47 concluded (shrunk to 38% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 29 first-instance courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: timely → 68.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Statistiche — Sottrazione internazionale di minori",
     "url": "https://www.giustizia.it/giustizia/it/mg_1_14_1.page?contentId=SST218103"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 41
  },
  {
   "iso": "CH",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "overall": 51.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 65,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 35% of 40 concluded (shrunk to 36% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 26 and 1 (+25) → 87.",
    "S1 · published durations → 65.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (3 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Kindesentführung — Statistik (PDF)",
     "url": "https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/bj/de/data/gesellschaft/kindesentfuehrung/kindesentfuehrung-statistik.pdf.download.pdf/kindesentfuehrung-statistik-d.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "International child abduction (overview)",
     "url": "https://www.bj.admin.ch/bj/en/home/gesellschaft/kindesentfuehrung.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 42
  },
  {
   "iso": "SK",
   "country": "Slovakia",
   "overall": 51.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 46.1,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 43% of 7 concluded (shrunk to 40% toward the 39% global prior) → 46.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 6 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "The Center (CIPC) — Central Authority",
     "url": "https://cipc.gov.sk/index.php/en/the-center/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 43
  },
  {
   "iso": "SE",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "overall": 51.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45.4,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 40% of 15 concluded (shrunk to 39% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.4.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 3 = 3 instances. (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Bortförda barn",
     "url": "https://regeringen.se/uds-reseinformation/internationella-familjefragor/bortforda-barn"
    },
    {
     "title": "SVT kartlägger – minst 900 barn har förts ut ur Sverige på fem år",
     "url": "https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/svt-kartlagger-minst-900-barn-har-forts-ut-ur-sverige-pa-fem-ar"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 44
  },
  {
   "iso": "GT",
   "country": "Guatemala",
   "overall": 51.1,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 49.3,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 67% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 49.3.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (4 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 45
  },
  {
   "iso": "FI",
   "country": "Finland",
   "overall": 50.6,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 0% of 2 concluded (shrunk to 35% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — One court (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Child abduction",
     "url": "https://oikeusministerio.fi/en/child-abduction"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 46
  },
  {
   "iso": "CY",
   "country": "Cyprus",
   "overall": 50.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 33% of 3 concluded (shrunk to 38% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 4 Family Courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 47
  },
  {
   "iso": "LT",
   "country": "Lithuania",
   "overall": 50.3,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 24% of 17 concluded (shrunk to 31% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 2 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Neteisėtas vaiko išvežimas — 1980 Hagos konvencija",
     "url": "https://vaikoteises.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys/vaiko-teisiu-apsauga/tarptautine-apsauga/neteisetas-vaiko-isvezimas/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 48
  },
  {
   "iso": "EE",
   "country": "Estonia",
   "overall": 50.1,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 33% of 6 concluded (shrunk to 38% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 4 county courts with (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 49
  },
  {
   "iso": "NI",
   "country": "Nicaragua",
   "overall": 50.1,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 17% of 12 concluded (shrunk to 30% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Central administrative authority (Ministry of Family) (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 50
  },
  {
   "iso": "BZ",
   "country": "Belize",
   "overall": 49.9,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 50,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R2 · U.S. noncompliance: 50% of return requests unresolved >12mo → 50.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 51
  },
  {
   "iso": "MD",
   "country": "Republic of Moldova",
   "overall": 49.7,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 46.1,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 50% of 2 concluded (shrunk to 40% toward the 39% global prior) → 46.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 1 (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 52
  },
  {
   "iso": "RS",
   "country": "Serbia",
   "overall": 49.6,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 46.1,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 43% of 7 concluded (shrunk to 40% toward the 39% global prior) → 46.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Međunarodna otmica dece — Ministarstvo pravde",
     "url": "https://www.mpravde.gov.rs/sr/tekst/848/medjunarodna-otmica-dece.php"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 53
  },
  {
   "iso": "NL",
   "country": "Netherlands (Kingdom of the)",
   "overall": 49.3,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 33% of 9 concluded (shrunk to 37% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — One court (The Hague) (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Centrale autoriteit Internationale Kinderaangelegenheden — Jaarrapportage",
     "url": "https://open.overheid.nl/documenten/ronl-15efe0a8-6182-41f0-8296-15f864d171f0/pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Jaarverslagen",
     "url": "https://kinderontvoering.org/over-ons/jaarverslagen/"
    },
    {
     "title": "Aantal internationale kinderontvoeringen Nederland gedaald in 2023",
     "url": "https://www.njb.nl/nieuws/aantal-internationale-kinderontvoeringen-nederland-gedaald-in-2023/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 54
  },
  {
   "iso": "UA",
   "country": "Ukraine",
   "overall": 49.3,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 68,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.55,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 38% of 21 concluded (shrunk to 39% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: timely → 68.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Ukraine — Central Authority (HCCH)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/states/authorities/details3/?aid=707"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 55
  },
  {
   "iso": "PE",
   "country": "Peru",
   "overall": 49.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 22% of 18 concluded (shrunk to 31% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Juzgados (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Sustracción Internacional de Menores de Edad — DGNNA",
     "url": "https://www.mimp.gob.pe/direcciones/dgnna/contenidos/articulos.php?codigo=23"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 56
  },
  {
   "iso": "BG",
   "country": "Bulgaria",
   "overall": 49.1,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 36% of 11 concluded (shrunk to 38% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Tribunaux / Autorités administratives : 2 tribunaux tribunaux ou d’aut (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Хагска конвенция — Централен орган (Ministry of Justice)",
     "url": "https://sacp.government.bg/sites/default/files/2025-10/HAGSKA_KONVENCIQ_za_grajdanskite_aspekti_na_mejdunarodnoto_otvlicane_na_....pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 57
  },
  {
   "iso": "PL",
   "country": "Poland",
   "overall": 49.1,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 75
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 31% of 48 concluded (shrunk to 33% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 12 (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs + EU (Brussels II ter) → 75."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Ewidencja spraw cywilnych — konwencja haska (SO) 2019-2024 (OPEN DATA)",
     "url": "https://dane.gov.pl/pl/dataset/3757"
    },
    {
     "title": "Konwencja Haska — statystyki (archiwum BIP MS)",
     "url": "https://arch-bip.ms.gov.pl/pl/ministerstwo/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/konwencja-haska-dot-uprowadzenia-dziecka/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 58
  },
  {
   "iso": "LU",
   "country": "Luxembourg",
   "overall": 49,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 47,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 50% of 4 concluded (shrunk to 41% toward the 39% global prior) → 47.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 59
  },
  {
   "iso": "MU",
   "country": "Mauritius",
   "overall": 49,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45.2,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 40% of 5 concluded (shrunk to 39% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.2.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — family division ( 1) (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 60
  },
  {
   "iso": "AM",
   "country": "Armenia",
   "overall": 48.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 0% of 2 concluded (shrunk to 35% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 7 courts of the city (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 61
  },
  {
   "iso": "FJ",
   "country": "Fiji",
   "overall": 48.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 47,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 50% of 4 concluded (shrunk to 41% toward the 39% global prior) → 47.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 62
  },
  {
   "iso": "GE",
   "country": "Georgia",
   "overall": 48.7,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 47,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 50% of 4 concluded (shrunk to 41% toward the 39% global prior) → 47.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 63
  },
  {
   "iso": "VE",
   "country": "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)",
   "overall": 48.7,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 0% of 3 concluded (shrunk to 33% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); no concentration — Courts across 24 states (not concentrated) (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (10 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Venezuela — Autoridad Central / aplicación del Convenio",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/es/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 64
  },
  {
   "iso": "PA",
   "country": "Panama",
   "overall": 48.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 0% of 3 concluded (shrunk to 33% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (4 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 65
  },
  {
   "iso": "CL",
   "country": "Chile",
   "overall": 48.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.48,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 38% of 8 concluded (shrunk to 39% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Oficina Internacional — CAJ",
     "url": "https://www.cajmetro.cl/quienes-somos/lineas-de-servicio/oficina-internacional/"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 66
  },
  {
   "iso": "HN",
   "country": "Honduras",
   "overall": 48,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 46.1,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 50% of 2 concluded (shrunk to 40% toward the 39% global prior) → 46.1.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 67
  },
  {
   "iso": "RU",
   "country": "Russian Federation",
   "overall": 48,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.62,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 36% of 44 concluded (shrunk to 37% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 9 district courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Реализация Конвенции 1980 — Центральный орган",
     "url": "https://docs.edu.gov.ru/document/3e97eaf30c5ac473d882bdb8391f62cf/"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 68
  },
  {
   "iso": "GR",
   "country": "Greece",
   "overall": 47.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 90
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 0% of 4 concluded (shrunk to 32% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); no concentration — 63 first-instance courts — general (not concentrated) (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) + EU (Brussels II ter) → 90."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Διεθνής δικαστική συνεργασία σε αστικές υποθέσεις (Central Authority)",
     "url": "https://ministryofjustice.gr/?page_id=3671"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 69
  },
  {
   "iso": "CO",
   "country": "Colombia",
   "overall": 47.6,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.55,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 37% of 27 concluded (shrunk to 38% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Restitución Internacional — ICBF",
     "url": "https://www.icbf.gov.co/restitucion-internacional-y-regulacion-internacional-de-visitas"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 70
  },
  {
   "iso": "TH",
   "country": "Thailand",
   "overall": 47.6,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 50% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 45.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (5 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 71
  },
  {
   "iso": "AD",
   "country": "Andorra",
   "overall": 47.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Tribunaux / Autorités administratives : 7 tribunaux et tribunaux ou d’ (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
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   ],
   "rank": 72
  },
  {
   "iso": "KZ",
   "country": "Kazakhstan",
   "overall": 47.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 20 specialized inter- (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (3 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 73
  },
  {
   "iso": "BA",
   "country": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
   "overall": 47,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 46.1,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 50% of 2 concluded (shrunk to 40% toward the 39% global prior) → 46.1.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 74
  },
  {
   "iso": "BY",
   "country": "Belarus",
   "overall": 45.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 0% of 6 concluded (shrunk to 29% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 75
  },
  {
   "iso": "MC",
   "country": "Monaco",
   "overall": 45.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 45,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R1 · measured return rate 0% of 4 concluded (shrunk to 32% toward the 39% global prior) → 45.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "HCCH 2015 Statistical Analysis (Global Report) — outcomes by requested State",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/d0b285f1-5f59-41a6-ad83-8b5cf7a784ce.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 76
  },
  {
   "iso": "CU",
   "country": "Cuba",
   "overall": 45.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); no concentration — 148 courts — general jurisdiction (not concentrated) (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 77
  },
  {
   "iso": "PH",
   "country": "Philippines",
   "overall": 45.3,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 39,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 33% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 39.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 68 designated Family Courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (5 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "International Child Removal from the Philippines (DOJ/OSG/DSWD roles)",
     "url": "https://www.respicio.ph/commentaries/international-child-removal-from-the-philippines-legal-remedies-under-the-hague-abduction-convention"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 78
  },
  {
   "iso": "PK",
   "country": "Pakistan",
   "overall": 44.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42.5,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 40% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 42.5.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 79
  },
  {
   "iso": "GY",
   "country": "Guyana",
   "overall": 44.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (2 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 80
  },
  {
   "iso": "LK",
   "country": "Sri Lanka",
   "overall": 44.5,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Act",
     "url": "https://www.srilankalaw.lk/c/197-civil-aspects-of-international-child-abduction-act.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 81
  },
  {
   "iso": "AL",
   "country": "Albania",
   "overall": 44.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 82
  },
  {
   "iso": "BF",
   "country": "Burkina Faso",
   "overall": 44.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 83
  },
  {
   "iso": "BB",
   "country": "Barbados",
   "overall": 44.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 84
  },
  {
   "iso": "GA",
   "country": "Gabon",
   "overall": 44.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 85
  },
  {
   "iso": "KN",
   "country": "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
   "overall": 44.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 60,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (0 Hague Network judges) → 60.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 86
  },
  {
   "iso": "CV",
   "country": "Cabo Verde",
   "overall": 44.1,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 87
  },
  {
   "iso": "IQ",
   "country": "Iraq",
   "overall": 43.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42.5,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 40% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 42.5.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 88
  },
  {
   "iso": "MK",
   "country": "North Macedonia",
   "overall": 43.8,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 89
  },
  {
   "iso": "SM",
   "country": "San Marino",
   "overall": 43.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 90
  },
  {
   "iso": "SC",
   "country": "Seychelles",
   "overall": 43.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 91
  },
  {
   "iso": "TM",
   "country": "Turkmenistan",
   "overall": 43.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 92
  },
  {
   "iso": "UZ",
   "country": "Uzbekistan",
   "overall": 43.4,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 93
  },
  {
   "iso": "BW",
   "country": "Botswana",
   "overall": 43.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 94
  },
  {
   "iso": "CN",
   "country": "China (People's Republic of)",
   "overall": 43.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 95
  },
  {
   "iso": "LS",
   "country": "Lesotho",
   "overall": 43.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 96
  },
  {
   "iso": "TN",
   "country": "Tunisia",
   "overall": 43.2,
   "tier": 3,
   "tierLabel": "Mixed / partial evidence",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 42,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 50,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.15,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R5 · no return-outcome evidence → neutral default 42.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C5 · no cooperation signal → 50.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 97
  },
  {
   "iso": "EC",
   "country": "Ecuador",
   "overall": 37.2,
   "tier": 4,
   "tierLabel": "Weak performance / documented concern",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 30,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 0% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 30.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — Specialised Children & Adolescents judicial units (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (4 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    },
    {
     "title": "Atención de requerimientos de restitución internacional (trámite)",
     "url": "https://www.gob.ec/mmdh/tramites/atencion-requerimientos-restitucion-internacional-derechos-ninas-ninos-adolescentes"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 98
  },
  {
   "iso": "BO",
   "country": "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)",
   "overall": 35.8,
   "tier": 4,
   "tierLabel": "Weak performance / documented concern",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 30,
    "legal_framework": 62,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 70,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 0% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 30.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentration not stated in profile (+0) → 62.",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (1 Hague Network judge) → 70.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 99
  },
  {
   "iso": "ZW",
   "country": "Zimbabwe",
   "overall": 35.3,
   "tier": 4,
   "tierLabel": "Weak performance / documented concern",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 32.5,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 0% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 32.5.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 100
  },
  {
   "iso": "BS",
   "country": "Bahamas",
   "overall": 34.2,
   "tier": 4,
   "tierLabel": "Weak performance / documented concern",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 30,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 80,
    "cooperation": 25,
    "treaty_integration": 65
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": true,
   "cited": true,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 0% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 30.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: IHNJ member (3 Hague Network judges) → 80.",
    "C1 · U.S. noncompliance citation → 25.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, in force >15 yrs → 65."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Annual Report on International Child Abduction 2025 (CY2024)",
     "url": "https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 101
  },
  {
   "iso": "ZM",
   "country": "Zambia",
   "overall": 33.8,
   "tier": 4,
   "tierLabel": "Weak performance / documented concern",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 30,
    "legal_framework": 50,
    "speed_enforcement": 50,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 62,
    "treaty_integration": 50
   },
   "confidence": 0.3,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R3 · U.S.-proxy: 0% of U.S.-related cases resolved (small sample, held 30–60) → 30.",
    "Legal framework: no completed HCCH Country Profile → neutral 50 (not penalised).",
    "S3 · no timeliness signal → 50.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C3 · in U.S. report, no delays → 62.",
    "Treaty integration: accession, recent → 50."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 102
  },
  {
   "iso": "ME",
   "country": "Montenegro",
   "overall": 12.6,
   "tier": 4,
   "tierLabel": "Weak performance / documented concern",
   "components": {
    "return_effectiveness": 0,
    "legal_framework": 87,
    "speed_enforcement": 40,
    "judicial_engagement": 35,
    "cooperation": 48,
    "treaty_integration": 80
   },
   "confidence": 0.4,
   "ihnj": false,
   "cited": false,
   "basis": [
    "R2 · U.S. noncompliance: 100% of return requests unresolved >12mo → 0.",
    "Legal framework (HCCH Country Profile): completed HCCH Country Profile / implementing framework (base 62); concentrated jurisdiction — 15 Basic Courts (+25) → 87.",
    "S2 · U.S.: delays → 40.",
    "Judicial engagement: not a member of the International Hague Network of Judges → 35.",
    "C2 · in U.S. report w/ delays → 48.",
    "Treaty integration: ratification/succession (no Art.38 hurdle) → 80."
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Status table — 1980 Convention (cid=24)",
     "url": "https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=24"
    },
    {
     "title": "Prel. Doc. 19A — 2021 statistical study",
     "url": "https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a75d7234-deb9-4764-be72-a4a9d87c8af7.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "rank": 103
  }
 ]
}